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          6. Francis Sumner

          American psychologist (1895–1954)

          For the English mill owner and mayor of Glossop, see Francis Sumner (mayor). For the American ichthyologist, zoologist and writer, see Francis Bertody Sumner.

          Francis Cecil Sumner (December 7, 1895 – January 11, 1954) was an American leader in education reform.

          He is commonly referred to as the "Father of Black Psychology." He is primarily known for being the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology (in 1920).[1] He worked closely with G. Stanley Hall during his time at Clark University, and his dissertation—published in Pedagogical Seminary, which later became the Journal of Genetic Psychology—focused on "Psychoanalysis of Freud and Adler."[2]

          Early life and education

          Francis Cecil Sumner was born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, on December 7, 1895.

          He was the second son of David Alexander and Ellen Lillian Sumner and younger brother to Eugene Sumner.[3] Sumner attended elementary sc